Multidimensionality and Complexities of Fathering: A Critical Examination of Afro-Jamaican Fathers’ Perspectives

Abstract

Family socialization is integral to the development of well-adjusted children, and parenting by two parents provides important resources. For many families, children are socialized in contexts where their biological fathers are physically absent. Unfortunately, these children are regarded as fatherless in the literature and social commentary. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 24 Afro-Jamaican fathers in a context with a high prevalence of single female-headed families, the current study explored fathers' perspectives on fathering presence/absence and their involvement. Thematic analysis from a social constructivist perspective revealed that children's experiences of being fathered are complex, involving biological and social fathering. Also, fatherlessness was regarded as the opposite of fathering whereby there was a lack of behavioral, affective, cognitive, and spiritual involvement. From fathers' own childhood experiences and being fathers themselves, they viewed the label as an inaccurate term. Rather, children may more likely experience levels of inadequate fathering or a lack of biological fathering. Moreover, complex factors including relationship dynamics and culture affect father involvement. The present findings highlight the need for policymakers and social activists to advocate for support programs for fathers and incentives to promote fathers' involvement rather than reinforcing inaccurate labels. Also, professionals working with families should promote social fathering.

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