Long-term Adverse Outcomes of Urolithiasis

Despite classically being seen as a relatively benign yet often painful condition, kidney stone disease has been associated with several serious clinical outcomes, including the development of high blood pressure,1,2 diabetes,3 chronic kidney disease (CKD),4,5 vascular abnormalities,6,7 and cardiovascular events.8,9 Whether this increased burden of comorbid conditions would lead stone formers to experience higher mortality rates, as one might expect, has been unknown.

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