20(S)‐ginsenoside‐Rg3 reverses temozolomide resistance and restrains epithelial‐mesenchymal transition progression in glioblastoma

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most malignant human intracranial tumors. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the primary alkylating agent for GBM patients. However, plenty of GBM patients are resistant to TMZ. Therefore, patients with GBM demand urgently for more effective therapeutic options. 20(S)‐ginsenoside‐Rg3 (20(S)‐Rg3) is a natural chemical with anti‐tumor effects, while there is little understanding of its functional mechanism at present. Several research reports have been proved that O⁶‐methylguanine DNA‐methyltransferase (MGMT) repairs damaged DNA and contributes to TMZ‐resistance in gliomas. And recent studies showed that MGMT gene expression could be regulated by Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. However, whether 20(S)‐Rg3 inhibits MGMT expression and augments chemosensitivity to TMZ in glioma cells remains unclear. In this study, we explored the modulating effects of 20(S)‐Rg3 on MGMT. We used glioma cell lines, primary cell strain (including T98G, U118 and GBM‐XX, all of them are MGMT‐positive glioma cell lines.) and xenograft glioma models to examine whether 20(S)‐Rg3 increased the sensitivity to TMZ and to reveal the underlying mechanisms. We found that the MGMT expression was effectively downregulated by 20(S)‐Rg3 via the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in glioma cell lines, and TMZ resistance was significantly reversed by 20(S)‐Rg3. Meanwhile, 20(S)‐Rg3 shows no obvious cytotoxicity at its effective dose and well tolerated in vivo. In addition, we found that 20(S)‐Rg3 significantly restrains the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression of glioma cells. Taken together, these results indicate that 20(S)‐Rg3 may be a novel agent to use in treatment of GBM, especially in TMZ‐resistant GBM with high MGMT expression.

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