Are County Codes More Indicative of Kidney Health Than Genetic Codes?

Within the United States, striking disparities in life expectancy exist by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geography.1,2 As with health disparities in chronic diseases such as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), life expectancy itself reflects diverse biological, social, economic, and geographic determinants. In the United States, lower income is strongly linked to premature mortality, and the differences in life expectancy across income groups appear to be increasing over time.1 Regrettably, more than 43 million Americans continue to live below the federal poverty line and many more subsist just above it.

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