Expression of Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the tumor microenvironment and in tumor-draining lymph nodes of breast cancer

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) are both immunosuppressive proteins. Here, we investigated the relationship between PD-1 and IDO in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) in breast cancer patients. First, the protein and mRNA expression levels of PD-1 and IDO in 20 frozen tissues were examined using Western blotting and RT-PCR. Second, 151 paraffin-embedded breast samples and 52 lymph node samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

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