Initial production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other reactive oxygen species was not a result of increased O2 levels in the atmosphere but rather was a crucial consequence of early Earth's weakly oxic microenvironments. However, as discussed in article 1700158 by Taverne et al., Earth's oxygen cycle did coincide with the evolution of major redox pathways (NOX, Nrf-2 and HIF pathways) that were preserved throughout time and played a major role in Metazoan diversification and longevity. [Cover design: isontwerp.nl, Eindhoven, The Netherlands]
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