Can tumor-associated macrophages in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) on biopsy predict invasive carcinoma on excision?

Recent trials have explored surveillance of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) without complete excision but it is difficult to fully exclude an associated, un-sampled invasive focus. Tumor microenvironment, including tumor-associated macrophages, may play a role in the transition from in situ to invasive carcinoma and the presence of CD163 positive cells with DCIS has been associated with increased risk of progression to invasive carcinoma. We aimed to evaluate the role of DCIS-associated CD163 positive cells on biopsy in predicting associated invasion on excision.

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