Salvage Surgery for Locoregional Failure in Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Anal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare cancer with a high cure rate, making research into the treatment of locoregional failure difficult. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to local treatment failure and determine the outcomes of patients undergoing local salvage resection. DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study. SETTING: This study was conducted at a quaternary referral center. PATIENTS: Patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma treated with chemoradiotherapy between January 1983 and December 2015 were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The influence of patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors on the primary outcome measures of locoregional failure, overall survival, and disease-free survival were investigated. RESULTS: Of 467 patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma, 63 experienced locoregional failure with 41 undergoing salvage resection. Twenty-seven patients (38%) had persistent disease and 36 (62%) developed locoregional recurrence. Multivariate analysis identified tumor stage (HR, 3.16; p

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