Naphthodithiophene-Based Nonfullerene Acceptor for High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics: Effect of Extended Conjugation

Abstract

Naphtho[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene is extended to a fused octacyclic building block, which is end capped by strong electron-withdrawing 2-(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile to yield a fused-ring electron acceptor (IOIC2) for organic solar cells (OSCs). Relative to naphthalene-based IHIC2, naphthodithiophene-based IOIC2 with a larger π-conjugation and a stronger electron-donating core shows a higher lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level (IOIC2: −3.78 eV vs IHIC2: −3.86 eV), broader absorption with a smaller optical bandgap (IOIC2: 1.55 eV vs IHIC2: 1.66 eV), and a higher electron mobility (IOIC2: 1.0 × 10⁻³ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ vs IHIC2: 5.0 × 10⁻⁴ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹). Thus, IOIC2-based OSCs show higher values in open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, fill factor, and thereby much higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) values than those of the IHIC2-based counterpart. In particular, as-cast OSCs based on FTAZ: IOIC2 yield PCEs of up to 11.2%, higher than that of the control devices based on FTAZ: IHIC2 (7.45%). Furthermore, by using 0.2% 1,8-diiodooctane as the processing additive, a PCE of 12.3% is achieved from the FTAZ:IOIC2-based devices, higher than that of the FTAZ:IHIC2-based devices (7.31%). These results indicate that incorporating extended conjugation into the electron-donating fused-ring units in nonfullerene acceptors is a promising strategy for designing high-performance electron acceptors.

A novel fused-ring electron acceptor (IOIC2) based on naphthodithiophene is designed and synthesized, and compared with a naphthalene-based counterpart (IHIC2). The IOIC2-based single-junction binary-blend organic solar cells exhibit efficiencies up to 12.3%, much higher than that of IHIC2 (7.45%).

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