Exercise training reverses inflammation and muscle wasting after tobacco smoke exposure

Long term cigarette smoking induces inflammatory processes in the pulmonary system which are suggested to "spill over" into systemic inflammation. Regular exercise has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of therapeutic exercise on inflammation and muscle wasting in smoke-exposed mice. C57BL/6J-mice (n = 30) were separated into three groups to receive either: (1) controls with no specific treatment (Con group), (2) 8 months exposure to cigarette smoke (smoke-exposed (SE) group), (3) 8 months of cigarette smoke combined with exercise training during the last 2 months (SEex group). The inflammatory status was analyzed by quantifying levels of various plasma proteins using multiplex ELISA and detection of lymphocyte surface markers by flow cytometry. Muscle tissue was analyzed by histological techniques and measurements of RNA/protein expression. SE was lead to decreased VO_2max and V_max, which was reversed by exercise (p<0.05). Expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD62L on T cells increased and was reversed by exercise (p<0.05). Similarly, SE induced an increase of various inflammatory cytokines, which were down-regulated by exercise. In muscle, exercise improved the structure, oxidative capacity, and metabolism by reducing UPS activation, stimulating IGF-1 expression and the SE-induced inhibition of mTOR signaling pathway (p<0.05). Exercise training reverses smoke-induced decline in exercise capacity, systemic inflammation and muscle wasting, by addressing immune regulating, anabolic, and metabolic pathways.

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