Purpose: In 2010, a Children's Oncology Group (COG) phase III randomized trial for high-risk neuroblastoma patients (ANBL0032) demonstrated improved event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) following treatment with an immunotherapy regimen of dinutuximab, GM-CSF, IL-2, and isotretinoin compared to treatment with isotretinoin alone. Dinutuximab, a chimeric anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody, acts in part via NK cells. Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs) on NK cells and their interactions with KIR-ligands can influence NK cell function. We investigated whether KIR/KIR-ligand genotypes were associated with EFS or OS in this trial. Experimental Design: We genotyped patients from COG study, ANBL0032, and evaluated the effect of KIR/KIR-ligand genotypes on clinical outcomes. Cox regression models and log-rank tests were used to evaluate associations of EFS and OS with KIR/KIR-ligand genotypes. Results: In this trial, patients with the "all KIR-ligands present" genotype, as well as patients with inhibitory KIR2DL2 with its ligand (HLA-C1) together with inhibitory KIR3DL1 with its ligand (HLA-Bw4) were associated with improved outcome if they received immunotherapy. In contrast, for patients with the complementary KIR/KIR-ligand genotypes, clinical outcome was not significantly different for patients that received immunotherapy vs. those receiving isotretinoin alone. Conclusions: These data show that administration of immunotherapy is associated with improved outcome for neuroblastoma patients with certain KIR/KIR-ligand genotypes, while this was not seen for patients with other KIR/KIR-ligand genotypes. Further investigation of KIR/KIR-ligand genotypes may clarify their role in cancer-immunotherapy, and may enable KIR/KIR-ligand genotyping to be utilized prospectively for identifying patients likely to benefit from certain cancer immunotherapy regimens.
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