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Τετάρτη 2 Νοεμβρίου 2022

Comparison of clinical features and surgical outcomes between hypopnea‐ and apnea‐predominant obstructive sleep apnea

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader

Abstract

Objectives

This study is aimed to investigate the differences in the clinical features and surgical outcomes between hypopnea- and apnea-predominant obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Design

Cohort study

Setting

Single tertiary care center

Participants

This study included 190 patients with OSA who underwent multilevel upper airway surgery between September 2012 and September 2021. The patients were divided into two groups according to the proportion of each respiratory event: hypopnea-predominant (n = 102) and apnea-predominant (n = 88).

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome measure was the percentage improvement in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) from baseline AHI after surgery.

Results

The apnea-predominant group included more male patients and had higher AHI, respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) than the hypopnea-predominant group. Both groups showed significant improvements in AHI, apnea index, RDI, supine AHI, REM AHI, non-REM AHI, ODI, lowest O2 saturation, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores following the surgery. Notably, hypopnea index increased after surgery in the apnea-predominant OSA group. Although the improvement in the absolute value of AHI by surgery was significantly greater in the apnea-predominant group than in the hypopnea-predominant group, the two groups showed no significant difference in the percentage improvement in AHI from baseline AHI.

Conclusion

Patients with apnea-predominant OSA had more severe disease than those with hypopnea-predominant OSA; however, surgical outcomes, as evaluated by percentage AHI improvement, were comparable between the two groups. In addition, multilevel upper airway surgery may induce the transition from apnea to hypopnea in patients with apnea-predominant OSA.

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Hiperparatiroidismo: Todo lo que debes saber

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader

¿Qué es el hiperparatiroidismo?

Las glándulas paratiroideas, generalmente en número de 4 o 5, son pequeñas glándulas situadas en la parte posterior de la glándula tiroides. Son independientes del mismo pero muchas veces están incrustadas dentro del tejido tiroideo. Segregan la hormona paratiroidea (PTH), que junto con la vitamina D, es esencial para mantener el equilibrio fosforo-calcio de forma constante, y así tener una buena salud ósea y un buen funcionamiento del sistema nervioso y muscular.

El hiperparatiroidismo (HPT) se define como un exceso de secreción de la hormona paratiroidea (PTH). Es una patología frecuente, que afecta más a mujeres y su incidencia se incrementa con la edad a partir de la menopausia. La presencia en un paciente joven o de antecedentes familiares obliga a descartar una patología genética asociada.

Tipos de Hiperparatiroidismo

Existen dos tipos de hiperparatiroidismo:

1.Hiperparatiroidismo primario. Es debido a la hipersecreción autónoma de PTH por una glándula paratiroidea (adenoma paratiroideo), o varias glándulas (hiperplasia paratiroidea). Las lesiones son generalmente benignas. La presencia de un carcinoma paratiroideo es excepcional. La mayoría de las veces el HPT es esporádico, pero existen casos familiares de HPT aislados o asociados a otras patologías genéticas endocrinológicas (denominadas MEN), que coexisten con otras glándulas afectadas (hipófisis, suprarrenales, islotes pancreáticos u hormonas digestivas).

2.Hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Se produce por la respuesta secretoria de las glándulas paratiroideas a una disminución de la calcemia, lo que secundariamente provoca la hipersecreción de PTH para mantener la homeostasis de calcio-fósforo.

Las causas más frecuentes de HPT secundario son:

  • Deficiencia de Vitamina D cuya acción principal es favorecer la absorción del calcio intestinal. Se precisa una deficiencia severa de vitamina D para que se produzca un estímulo secundario de la hipersecreción de PTH por las glándulas paratiroideas. El déficit poblacional de vitamina D es cada vez más frecuente por baja exposición solar o por baja ingesta oral.
  • Hipocalcemia secundaria a baja ingesta de calcio o alteración de la absorción del mismo como consecuencia de cirugías abdominales con resecciones intestinales.
  • Insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC): La IRC se asocia a una disminución de la hidroxilación renal de Vit D, así como hipocalcemia y secundariamente a una elevación de los niveles de PTH para mantener el equilibrio calcio-fósforo. La insuficiencia renal crónica es la causa más frecuente de HPT secundario y causa a su vez del HPT terciario que provoca una hipercalcemia causada por la secreción de PTH excesiva y autónoma en un paciente con HPT secundario.

¿Cuáles son los síntomas del Hiperparatiroidismo?

La mayoría de las veces, el diagnóstico del HPT, se realiza de forma casual observando una hipercalcemia en una analítica de rutina y suele ser asintomático en los estadios iniciales. Como es una enfermedad de desarrollo lento, los síntomas dependen del daño orgánico que provoca la hipercalcemia (cólicos renales secundarios a litiasis cálcica, dolores articulares por daño óseo y síntomas derivados de la osteoporosis, incluso mayor incidencia de fracturas e hipertensión arterial).

¿Cómo se trata el Hiperparatiroidismo?

  • El HPT primario se trata generalmente con intervención quirúrgica del adenoma si es localizado con técnicas de imagen. La indicación de cirugía además de la localización se realiza en base a criterios clínicos como nivel de calcemia, presencia de osteoporosis y presencia de otras complicaciones. Cuando existe hiperplasia o las condiciones del paciente impiden la cirugía podemos recurrir a opciones de tratamiento médico.
  • En el HPT secundario requiere controlar la causa como la suplementación de Vitamina D cuando hay déficit, aporte de calcio cuando hay déficit o tratamiento específico en el paciente con IRC, que incluso puede llegar a cirugía de glándulas paratiroides cuando se produce un HPT terciario.

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La entrada Hiperparatiroidismo: Todo lo que debes saber se publicó primero en Cuida tu tiroides.

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Τρίτη 1 Νοεμβρίου 2022

A congenital CSF3R mutation in chronic neutropenia reveals a vital role for a cytokine receptor extracellular hinge motif in the response to granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader

Abstract

We describe a patient with congenital neutropenia (CN) with a homozygous germline mutation in the colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor gene (CSF3R). The patient's bone marrow shows lagging neutrophil development with subtle left shift and unresponsiveness to CSF3 in in vitro colony assays. This patient illustrates that the di-proline hinge motif in the extracellular cytokine receptor homology domain of CSF3R is critical for adequate neutrophil production, but dispensable for in vivo terminal neutrophil maturation. This report underscores that CN patients with inherited CSF3R mutations should be marked as a separate clinical entity, characterized by a failure to respond to CSF3.

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Accessibility of Level III trauma centers for underserved populations: A cross-sectional study

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader
imageBACKGROUND By providing definitive care for many, and rapid assessment, resuscitation, stabilization, and transfer to Level I/II centers when needed, Level III trauma centers can augment capacity in high resource regions and extend the geographic reach to lower resource regions. We sought to (1) characterize populations served principally by Level III trauma centers, (2) estimate differences in time to care by trauma center level, and (3) update national estimates of trauma center access. METHODS In a cross-sectional study (United States, 2019), we estimated travel time from census block groups to the nearest Level I/II trauma center and nearest Level III trauma center. Block groups were categorized based on the level of care accessible within 60 minutes, then distributions of population characteristics and differences in time to care were estimated. RESULTS An estimated 22.8% of the US population (N = 76,119,228) lacked access to any level of trauma center care within 60 minutes, and 8.8% (N = 29,422,523) were principally served by Level III centers. Black and American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) populations were disproportionately represented among those principally served by Level III centers (39.1% and 12.2%, respectively). White and AIAN populations were disproportionately represented among those without access to any trauma center care (26.2% and 40.8%, respectively). Time to Level III care was shorter than Level I/II for 27.9% of the population, with a mean reduction in time to care of 28.9 minutes (SD = 31.4). CONCLUSION Level III trauma centers are a potential source of trauma care for underserved populations. While Black and AIAN disproportionately rely on Level III centers for care, most with access to Level III centers also have access to Level I/II centers. The proportion of the US population with timely access to trauma care has not improved since 2010. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic/Epidemiological; Level IV.
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Integrating traffic safety data with area deprivation index: A method to better understand the causes of pediatric pedestrian versus automobile collisions

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader
imageBACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify clinical and traffic factors that influence pediatric pedestrian versus automobile collisions (P-ACs) with an emphasis on health care disparities. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of pediatric (18 years or younger) P-ACs treated at a Level I pediatric trauma center from 2008 to 2018. Demographic, clinical, and traffic scene data were analyzed. Area deprivation index (ADI) was used to measure neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage (NSD) based on home addresses. Traffic scene data from the California Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System were matched to clinical records. Traffic safety was assessed by the streetlight coverage, the proximity of the collision to home addresses, and sidewalk coverage. Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis for key variables and outcomes were calculated using Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, χ2, or Fisher's exact tests. Statistical significance was attributed to p values of
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Sapovirus infections in an Australian community-based healthy birth cohort during the first 2-years of life

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader

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Abstract
Background
Sapovirus is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children. However, knowledge gaps remain in community settings. We investigated the epidemiology, disease characteristics and healthcare use associated with sapovirus infections in Australian children during their first 2-years of life.
Methods
Children in the Brisbane-based Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases birth cohort provided daily gastrointestin al symptoms (vomiting/loose stools), weekly stool swabs, and healthcare data until age 2-years. Swabs were batch-tested for sapovirus using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Incidence rates and estimates of associations were calculated.
Results
Overall, 158 children returned 11,124 swabs. There were 192 sapovirus infection episodes. The incidence rate (IR) in the first 2-years of life was 0.89 episodes per child-year (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76–1.05), the symptomatic IR was 0.26 episodes per child-year (95%CI 0.17–0.37). Age ≥6-months, the fall season and childcare attendance, increased disease incidence significantly. Fifty-four (30%) of the 180 infections with linked symptom diaries were symptomatic, with 72% recording vomiting and 48% diarrhea. Prior infection reduced risk of further infections (adjusted hazard risk 0.70; 95%CI 0.54–0.81) in the study period. Viral loads were higher and viral shedding duration was longer in symptomatic than asymp tomatic children. Twenty-three (43%) symptomatic episodes required healthcare, including six emergency department presentations and two hospitalizations.
Conclusion
Sapovirus infections are common in Australian children aged 6–23 months. Efforts to reduce childhood AGE after the global rollout of rotavirus vaccines should include sapovirus where estimates of its incidence in communities will be crucial.
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Histological features associated with Human Monkeypox Virus Infection in 2022 outbreak in a non-endemic country

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Abstract
Skin histology of papule and pustules from 5 MSM patients with Monkeypox infection showed viral intracytoplasmic cytopathic changes, interface dermatitis, marked inflammatory dermic infiltrate including superficial neutrophils and deep lymphocytes perivascular and periadnexal. Histologic description of Monkeypox lesions improves our understanding about clinical presentations and may have some therapeutic implications.
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