Micturition and startle-induced reflex seizures in a patient with focal cortical dysplasia in the middle frontal gyrus

Reflex seizures arise from hyperexcitable cortex within the areas physiologically activated during specific sensory stimulations, and cognitive or motor activities. Micturition-induced seizures are rare, only a few clinical cases have been reported, all with normal neuroimaging findings, and EEG indicative of fronto-central onset (Whitney and Callen, 2013; Jang et al., 2018). Startle seizures are induced by sudden and unexpected stimuli, usually noise. Most of the patients have widespread structural brain abnormalities, predominantly in the frontal, temporal and perisylvian cortices (Palmini et al., 2005; Yang 2010).

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