Celastrus Orbiculatus Thunb. Reduces Lipid Accumulation by Promoting Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Hyperlipidemic Mice

Abstract

Previously, we found that Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (COT) decreases athero-susceptibility in lipoproteins and the aorta of guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet, and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In the present study, we investigated the effect of COT in reducing lipid accumulation and promoting reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in vivo and vitro. Healthy male mice were treated with high-fat diet alone, high-fat diet with COT (10.0 g/kg/d), or general fodder for 6 weeks. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and ³H-cholesterol in plasma, liver, bile, and feces were determined. Pathological changes and the levels of TC and TG in liver were examined. The expression of hepatic genes and protein associated with RCT were analyzed. COT administration reduced lipid accumulation in the liver, ameliorated the pathological changes, and lessened liver injury, the levels of TG, TC, and non-HDL-C in plasma were decreased significantly, and COT led to a significant increase in plasma HDL-C and apolipoprotein A (apoA1). ³H-cholesterol in plasma, liver, bile, and feces was also significantly increased in COT-treated mice compared to controls. Both mRNA and protein expression of SRB1, CYP7A1, LDLR, ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1, ABCG5, and LXRα were improved in COT-treated mice. An in vitro isotope tracing experiment showed that COT and its bioactive ingredients, such as celastrol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and quercetin, significantly increased the efflux of ³H-cholesterol. They also increased the expression of SRB1, ABCA1, and ABCG1 significantly in macrophages. Our findings provided a positive role of COT in reducing lipid accumulation by promoting RCT. These effects may be achieved by activating the SRB1 and ABC transporter pathway and promoting cholesterol metabolism via the CYP7A1 pathway in vivo. The effective ingredients in vitro are celastrol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and quercetin.

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Data on cytochrome c oxidase assembly in mice and human fibroblasts or tissues induced by SURF1 defect

Publication date: Available online 26 March 2016
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Nikola Kovářová, Petr Pecina, Hana Nůsková, Marek Vrbacký, Massimo Zeviani, Tomáš Mráček, Carlo Viscomi, Josef Houštěk
This paper describes data related to a research article entitled "Tissue- and species-specific differences in cytochrome c oxidase assembly induced by SURF1 defects" [1]. This paper includes data of the quantitative analysis of individual forms of respiratory chain complexes I, III and IV present in SURF1 knockout (SURF1^-/-) and control (SURF1^+/+) mouse fibroblasts and tissues and in fibroblasts of human control and patients with SURF1 gene mutation. Also it includes data demonstrating response of complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), to reversible inhibition of mitochondrial translation in SURF1^-/-mouse and SURF1 patient fibroblast cell lines.



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Data of NODDI Diffusion Metrics in the Brain and Computer Simulation of Hybrid Diffusion Imaging (HYDI) Acquisition Scheme

Publication date: Available online 26 March 2016
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Chandana Kodiweera, Yu-Chien Wu
This article provides NODDI diffusion metrics in the brains of 52 healthy participants and computer simulation data to support compatibility of hybrid diffusion imaging (HYDI), "Hybrid diffusion imaging"[1] acquisition scheme in fitting neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) model, "NODDI: practical in vivo neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of the human brain"[2]. HYDI is an extremely versatile diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) technique that enables various analyses methods using a single diffusion dataset. One of the diffusion data analysis methods is the NODDI computation, which models the brain tissue with three compartments: fast isotropic diffusion (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid), anisotropic hindered diffusion (e.g., extracellular space), and anisotropic restricted diffusion (e.g., intracellular space). The NODDI model produces microstructural metrics in the developing brain, aging brain or human brain with neurologic disorders. The first dataset provided here are the means and standard deviations of NODDI metrics in 48 white matter region-of-interest (ROI) averaging across 52 healthy participants. The second dataset provided here is the computer simulation with initial conditions guided by the first dataset as inputs and gold standard for model fitting. The computer simulation data provide a direct comparison of NODDI indices computed from the HYDI acquisition [1] to the NODDI indices computed from the originally proposed acquisition [2]. These data are related to the accompanying research article "Age Effects and Sex Differences in Human Brain White Matter of Young to Middle-Aged Adults: A DTI, NODDI, and q-Space Study" [3].



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Gene expression data from acetaminophen-induced toxicity in human hepatic in vitro systems and clinical liver samples

Publication date: Available online 26 March 2016
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Robim M. Rodrigues, Olivier Govaere, Tania Roskams, Tamara Vanhaecke, Vera Rogiers, Joery De Kock
This data set is composed of transcriptomics analyses of (i) liver samples from patients suffering from acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure (ALF) and (ii) hepatic cell systems exposed to acetaminophen and their respective controls. The in vitro systems include widely employed cell lines i.e. HepaRG and HepG2 cells as well as a novel stem cell-derived model i.e. human skin-precursors-derived hepatocyte-like cells (hSKP-HPC). Data from primary human hepatocytes was also added to the data set "Open TG-GATEs: a large-scale toxicogenomics database" [1]. Changes in gene expression due to acetaminophen intoxication as well as comparative information between human in vivo and in vitro samples are provided. The microarray data have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GEO: GSE74000. The provided data are used to evaluate the predictive capacity of each hepatic in vitro system and can be directly compared with large-scale publically available toxicogenomics databases. Further interpretation and discussion of these data feature in the corresponding research article "Toxicogenomics-based prediction of acetaminophen-induced liver injury using human hepatic cell systems" [2].



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Data including GROMACS input files for atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of mixed, asymmetric bilayers including molecular topologies, equilibrated structures, and force field for lipids compatible with OPLS-AA parameters

Publication date: Available online 26 March 2016
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Tomasz Róg, Adam Orłowski, Alicia Llorente, Tore Skotland, Tuulia Sylvänne, Dimple Kauhanen, Kim Ekroos, Kirsten Sandvig, Ilpo Vattulainen
In this Data in Brief article we provide a data package of GROMACS input files for atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of multicomponent, asymmetric lipid bilayers using the OPLS-AA force field. These data include 14 model bilayers composed of 8 different lipid molecules. The lipids present in these models are: cholesterol (CHOL), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (SOPE), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylserine (POPS), 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylserine (SOPS), N-palmitoyl-D-erythro-sphingosyl-phosphatidylcholine (SM16), and N-lignoceroyl-D-erythro-sphingosyl-phosphatidylcholine (SM24). The bilayers' compositions are based on lipidomic studies of PC-3 prostate cancer cells and exosomes discussed in "Molecular lipidomics of exosomes released by PC-3 prostate cancer cells" [1], showing an increase in the section of long-tail lipid species (SOPS, SOPE, and SM24) in the exosomes. Former knowledge about lipid asymmetry in cell membranes was accounted for in the models, meaning that the model of the inner leaflet is composed of a mixture of PC, PS, PE, and cholesterol, while the extracellular leaflet is composed of SM, PC and cholesterol discussed in "Membranes lipids: where they are and how they behave" [2]. The provided data include lipids' topologies, equilibrated structures of asymmetric bilayers, all force field parameters, and input files with parameters describing simulation conditions (md.mdp). The data are associated with the research article "Interdigitation of Long-Chain Sphingomyelin Induces Coupling of Membrane Leaflets in a Cholesterol Dependent Manner" [3].

Graphical abstract

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Data on the role of starch and ammonia in green synthesis of silver and iron oxide nanoparticles

Publication date: Available online 26 March 2016
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Seyedeh Masumeh Ghaseminezhad, Seyed Abbas Shojaosadati
Green synthesis of nanoparticles by using starch has recently attracted considerable attention due to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, and cost effectiveness. The data presented in this article are related to the article entitled "Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Ag/Fe3O4 nanocomposites synthesized by using starch" [1]. Here, Fe3O4 nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using starch under alkaline condition. Hydrodynamic diameter of starch and starch coated silver nanoparticles were determined under heat treatment and different pH. This data also display absorbance peak of silver nanoparticles synthesized by starch under different pH conditions (6.5, 8, and 10). Iodometric titration confirmed that both components of starch (amylose and amylopectin) can adsorb on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles.



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Serologic and molecular evidence of Brucella ovis infection in ovine and caprine flocks in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Brucella ovis infection is one of the leading causes of sub fertility and infertility in ovine, been characterized mainly by epididymitis, orchitis and testicular atrophy in rams. This...

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Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Localizing gene expression to specific cell types can be challenging due to the lack of specific antibodies. Here we describe a protocol for simultaneous triple detection of gene expression by combining double fluorescence RNA in situ hybridization with immunostaining.

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Klotho and fibroblast growth factor 23 in cerebrospinal fluid in children

Abstract

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23/Klotho axis is a principal regulator of phosphate hemostasis and vitamin D metabolism, but limited data is available on its role in the central nervous system. Here, we investigate soluble α-Klotho (sKlotho) and C-terminal as well as intact FGF23 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma and their relationship to mineral metabolism parameters in humans. In 39 children aged 0.3–16.8 years undergoing lumbar puncture for the exclusion of inflammatory neurological disease, sKlotho and FGF23 were investigated by Western blot analysis, followed by ELISA quantification in CSF and plasma. The percentage of intrathecal synthesis of both proteins was calculated by measuring both the expected and observed CSF/plasma ratios of sKlotho and FGF23. The secreted (KL1) and cleaved (KL1+KL2) isoforms of sKlotho, and FGF23 were clearly detected in CSF in all subjects, although protein levels were lower compared to those of plasma samples (each p < 0.01). The intrathecal percentage of CSF sKlotho and FGF23 synthesis amounted to 98 and 99 %, respectively. CSF sKlotho levels were higher in boys than in girls (p < 0.01), and correlated positively with plasma C-terminal FGF23 concentrations (p < 0.05) and standardized height (p < 0.01). Importantly, there were no significant correlations between plasma and CSF levels of sKlotho or FGF23. Plasma sKlotho as well as C-terminal and intact FGF23, respectively, were associated with parameters of mineral metabolism These results provide evidence that cleaved and secreted sKlotho and FGF23 are present in CSF, mainly derived from brain and affected by sex, height, and mineral metabolism parameters in children. Nevertheless, the absence of significant associations between plasma and CSF levels of Klotho and FGF23, respectively, suggest that the regulation of Klotho and FGF23 may be different between organs secreting these hormones into blood and CSF.

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Transcutaneous Assessment of Renal Function in Conscious Rodents

Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional procedures to measure this parameter are cumbersome and require a large investment of time. Here we describe a faster and minimally invasive method to determinate GFR transcutaneously.

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Mechanism of oxidative conversion of Amplex® Red to resorufin: pulse radiolysis and enzymatic studies

Publication date: Available online 26 March 2016
Source:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Author(s): Dawid Dębski, Renata Smulik, Jacek Zielonka, Bartosz Michałowski, Małgorzata Jakubowska, Karolina Dębowska, Jan Adamus, Andrzej Marcinek, Balaraman Kalyanaraman, Adam Sikora
Amplex® Red (10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine) is a fluorogenic probe widely used to detect and quantify hydrogen peroxide in biological systems. Detection of hydrogen peroxide is based on peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of Amplex® Red to resorufin. In this study we investigated the mechanism of one-electron oxidation of Amplex® Red and we present the spectroscopic characterization of transient species formed upon the oxidation. Oxidation process has been studied by a pulse radiolysis technique with one-electron oxidants (N3^•, CO3^•–,^•NO2 and GS^•). The rate constants for the Amplex® Red oxidation by N3^• (²k=2.1∙10⁹M⁻¹s⁻¹, at pH = 7.2) and CO3^•– (²k=7.6∙10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹, at pH = 10.3) were determined. Two intermediates formed during the conversion of Amplex® Red into resorufin have been characterized. Based on the results obtained, the mechanism of transformation of Amplex® Red into resorufin, involving disproportionation of the Amplex® Red-derived radical species, has been proposed. The results indicate that peroxynitrite-derived radicals, but not peroxynitrite itself, are capable to oxidize Amplex® Red to resorufin. We also demonstrate that horseradish peroxidase can catalyze oxidation of Amplex® Red not only by hydrogen peroxide, but also by peroxynitrite, which needs to be considered when employing the probe for hydrogen peroxide detection.

Graphical abstract

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Exercise-induced ROS in Heat Shock Proteins response

Publication date: Available online 26 March 2016
Source:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Author(s): Ivan Dimauro, Neri Mercatelli, Daniela Caporossi
Cells have evolved multiple and sophisticated stress response mechanisms aiming to prevent macromolecular (including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) damage and to maintain or re-establish cellular homeostasis. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are among the most highly conserved, ubiquitous, and abundant proteins in all organisms. Originally discovered more than 50 years ago through heat shock stress, they display multiple, remarkable roles inside and outside cells under a variety of stresses, including also oxidative stress and radiation, recognizing unfolded or misfolded proteins and facilitating their restructuring. Exercise consists in a combination of physiological stresses, such as metabolic disturbances, changes in circulating levels of hormones, increased temperature, induction of mild to severe inflammatory state, increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). As a consequence, exercise is one of the main stimuli associated with a robust increase in different HSPs in several tissues, which appears to be also fundamental in facilitating the cellular remodeling processes related to the training regime. Among all factors involved in the exercise-related modulation of HSPs level, the ROS production in the contracting muscle or in other tissues represents one of the most attracting, but still under discussion, mechanism. Following exhaustive or damaging muscle exercise, major oxidative damage to proteins and lipids is likely involved in HSP expression, together with mechanically induced damage to muscle proteins and the inflammatory response occurring several days into the recovery period. Instead, the transient and reversible oxidation of proteins by physiological concentrations of ROS seems to be involved in the activation of stress response following non-damaging muscle exercise. This review aims to provide a critical update on the role of HSPs response in exercise-induced adaptation or damage in humans, focusing on experimental results where the link between redox homeostasis and HSPs expression by exercise has been addressed. Further, with the support of in vivo and in vitro studies, we discuss the putative molecular mechanisms underlying the ROS-mediated modulation of HSP expression and/or activity during exercise.



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