Τετάρτη 28 Οκτωβρίου 2015
Clinical analysis of patients suffering from chronic hepatitis B superinfected with other hepadnaviruses
Abstract
To compare the clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, and prognoses of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who were superinfected with hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV) or hepatitis E virus (HEV). Two hundred and eleven patients with confirmed CHB in our hospital, a tertiary teaching hospital in China, between 2005 and 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. Among 211 patients with CHB, 35 were superinfected with HAV, 31 were superinfected with HCV, 22 were superinfected with HDV, and 53 were superinfected with HEV. We analyzed and compared the clinical features of the five groups. The tested biochemical indices and markers of liver function included serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBil), prothrombin activity (PTA), serum albumin (Alb) and the serum levels of HBV DNA. The peak values of ALT, AST, and TBil were significantly higher in all of the superinfected groups. Lower peak Alb concentration and PTA were also observed in the superinfected patients, with the exception of patients in the CHB + HAV group. The CHB + HCV and CHB + HEV groups had higher death rates than the CHB monoinfected group, and the difference was statistically significant. Further analysis of the liver failure groups showed that the level of HBV DNA was not correlated with prognosis. The comparison of clinical outcomes revealed that CHB patients superinfected with HCV, HDV and HEV compared with CHB monoinfection had statistically greater incidences of exacerbation of the condition and poor prognosis, whereas the patients superinfected with HAV generally had better outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
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Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze
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Effects and Mechanisms by Which Hypercapnic Acidosis Inhibits Sepsis-Induced Canonical Nuclear Factor-[kappa]B Signaling in the Lung.
Objective: Diverse effects of hypercapnic acidosis are mediated via inhibition of nuclear factor-[kappa]B, a pivotal transcription factor, in the setting of injury, inflammation, and repair, but the underlying mechanisms of action of hypercapnic acidosis on this pathway is unclear. We aim to examine the effect of hypercapnic acidosis on the nuclear factor-[kappa]B pathway in the setting of Escherichia coli-induced lung injury and characterize the underlying mechanisms in subsequent in vitro studies. Design: In vivo animal study and subsequent in vitro studies. Setting: University Research Laboratory. Subjects: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats and pulmonary epithelial cells. Interventions: Following pulmonary I[kappa]B[alpha]-SuperRepressor transgene overexpression or sham and intratracheal E. coli inoculation, rats underwent 4 hours of mechanical ventilation under normocapnia or hypercapnic acidosis, and nuclear factor-[kappa]B activation, animal survival, lung injury, and cytokine profile were assessed. Subsequent in vitro studies examined the effect of hypercapnic acidosis on specific nuclear factor-[kappa]B canonical pathway kinases via overexpression of these components and in vitro kinase activity assays. The effect of hypercapnic acidosis on the p50/p65 nuclear factor-[kappa]B -heterodimer was then assessed. Measurements and Main Results: : Hypercapnic acidosis and I[kappa]B[alpha]-SuperRepressor transgene overexpression reduced E. coli-induced lung inflammation and injury, decreased nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity, and increased animal survival. Hypercapnic acidosis inhibited canonical nuclear factor-[kappa]B signaling via reduced phosphorylative activation, reducing I[kappa]B kinase-[beta] activation and intrinsic activity, thereby decreasing I[kappa]B[alpha] degradation, and subsequent nuclear factor-[kappa]B translocation. Hypercapnic acidosis also directly reduced DNA binding of the nuclear factor-[kappa]B p65 subunit, although this effect was less marked. Conclusions: Hypercapnic acidosis reduced E. coli inflammation and lung injury in vivo and reduced nuclear factor-[kappa]B activation predominantly by inhibiting the activation and intrinsic activity of I[kappa]B kinase-[beta]. Copyright (C) by 2015 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Numerical Modeling of Fluid-Structure Interaction in Arteries with Anisotropic Polyconvex Hyperelastic and Anisotropic Viscoelastic Material Models at Finite Strains
Summary
The accurate prediction of transmural stresses in arterial walls requires on the one hand robust and efficient numerical schemes for the solution of boundary value problems including fluid-structure interactions (FSI) and on the other hand the use of a material model for the vessel wall which is able to capture the relevant features of the material behavior. One of the main contributions of this paper is the application of a highly nonlinear, polyconvex anisotropic structural model for the solid in the context of FSI, together with a suitable discretization. Additionally, the influence of viscoelasticity is investigated. The fluid-structure interaction problem is solved using a monolithic approach, i.e., the nonlinear system is solved (after time and space discretization) as a whole without splitting among its components. The linearized block systems are solved iteratively using parallel domain decomposition preconditioners. A simple - but nonsymmetric - curved geometry is proposed which is demonstrated to be suitable as a benchmark testbed for fluid-structure interaction simulations in biomechanics where nonlinear structural models are used. Based on the curved benchmark geometry the influence of different material models, spatial discretizations, and meshes of varying refinement is investigated. It turns out that often-used standard displacement elements with linear shape functions are not sufficient to provide good approximations of the arterial wall stresses, whereas for standard displacement elements or F-bar formulations with quadratic shape functions suitable results are obtained. For the time discretization, a second-order BDF scheme is used. It is shown that the curved geometry enables the analysis of non-rotationally symmetric distributions of the mechanical fields. For instance, the maximal shear stresses in the fluid-structure interface are found to be higher in the inner curve which corresponds to clinical observations indicating a high plaque nucleation probability at such locations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Screening of presumptive urinary tract infections by the automated urine sediment analyser sediMAX
Journal Name: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)
Issue: Ahead of print
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Laboratory testing requirements for diagnosis and follow-up of multiple myeloma and related plasma cell dyscrasias
Journal Name: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)
Issue: Ahead of print
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Heparinate but not serum tubes are susceptible to hemolysis by pneumatic tube transportation
Journal Name: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)
Issue: Ahead of print
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Eryptosis is induced by hyperthermia in hereditary spherocytosis red blood cells
Journal Name: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)
Issue: Ahead of print
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Crystalluria
Journal Name: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)
Issue: Ahead of print
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Mercy Virtual in the News Again
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Mercy's new Virtual Care Center officially opened less than a month ago, but it has already garnered a lot of national buzz – most recently, Becker's Hospital Review and the Catholic Health World.
In the article, "Mercy Designing the Nation's First Virtual Care Center," Becker's speaks with Matt Hanis, senior vice president of business development at Mercy Virtual.
"We thought long and hard about how to make sure our co-workers continue to maintain a connection with the physical experience of caring for patients," Hanis said, delving into the design of the center, as well as what makes the four-story, 125,000-square-foot facility unique.
"The first floor is about the mission of Mercy, the traditions of our health ministry and also the intersection of technology, innovation and our mission to deliver care for all those in need. The second floor is where our virtual care center operates. At any given time, we're providing care to 30 hospitals, and so the actual layout of the space is designed to be highly adaptive to the demands of the facilities we serve."
Photos: Take a Look Inside Mercy's Virtual Care Center
Terry Bader, vice president of design and construction for Mercy, added, "Not only were we doing something totally new and exciting, but it was interesting for me to watch our design teams work week in and week out with our operational teams as they put together plans that affected how we were going to lay things out."
When it comes to the programs offered at the Virtual Care Center, Catholic Health World's article, "Mercy Opens Virtual Care Center in Missouri," shines the light on Mercy SafeWatch, telestroke, virtual hospitalists and home monitoring.
"Like the walking Sisters before us, we are extending care to those people who need it," Lynn Britton, Mercy president and CEO, explained to the reporter. "We're not waiting for people to come to us. We're bringing care to them."
Read more:
Mercy Virtual Leaders Take the Stage
NPR Dives Deep Into Mercy Virtual
Mercy Officially Opens World's First Virtual Care Center
Show EMS Sitewide:
Yes!
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Reversible Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of High-Charge Density Polyanion Contaminants in Heparin
Analytical Chemistry
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03347
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Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of 13C Labeled Complex N-Glycans As Internal Standards for the Absolute Glycan Quantification by Mass Spectrometry
Analytical Chemistry
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03135
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High-Speed, Integrated Ablation Cell and Dual Concentric Injector Plasma Torch for Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Analytical Chemistry
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02466
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Analysis of cervical resistance during continuous controllable balloon dilatation: controlled clinical and experimental study
Background: Hydraulic dilatation is a novel method of cervical dilatation that is based on continuous controllable dilatation (CCBD) by the pumping of fluid into the balloon extension of the system. The main advantage of this procedure is that it allows control of and insight into the process of cervical dilatation. Methods: For the purposes of our research, we created a new and upgraded system for CCBD which consists of a programmed hydrostatic pump connected to a balloon extension. With regard to our aim to precisely measure and determine the location of the cervical resistance, we placed two pressure-measuring films, one on the top and one on the bottom of the balloon extension. This study included 42 patients in whom cervical resistance was measured before suction curettage. Results: Cervical dilatation and measurement of cervical resistance were successful in all patients. The analysis of the pressure-measuring films showed that the points of highest resistance were located in the zone of the internal cervical os and that these values were much higher than those in the zone of the external cervical os (0.402 versus 0.264 MPa at the upper pressure-sensitive film; 0.387 versus 0.243 MPa at the lower pressure-sensitive film). This study also showed that an increase in cervical resistance in the zone of the internal cervical os was followed by an increase in cervical resistance in the zone of the external cervical os. Conclusions: During CCBD, the internal cervical os is the centre of cervical resistance, and the values do not decline with the number of miscarriages or the number of previous births.Trial registration numberISRCTN Registry identifier: ISRCTN30949871. Date of registration: 13 May 2015.
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Functional demonstrations of starch binding domains present in Ostreococcus tauri starch synthases isoforms
Background: Starch-binding domains are key modules present in several enzymes involved in polysaccharide metabolism. These non-catalytic modules have already been described as essential for starch-binding and the catalytic activity of starch synthase III from the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In Ostreococcus tauri, a unicellular green alga of the Prasinophyceae family, there are three SSIII isoforms, known as Ostta SSIII-A, SSIII-B and SSIII-C. Results: In this work, using in silico and in vitro characterization techniques, we have demonstrated that Ostta SSIII-A, SSIII-B and SSIII-C contain two, three and no starch-binding domains, respectively. Additionally, our phylogenetic analysis has indicated that OsttaSSIII-B, presenting three N-terminal SBDs, is the isoform more closely related to higher plant SSIII. Furthermore, the sequence alignment and homology modeling data gathered showed that both the main 3-D structures of all the modeled domains obtained and the main amino acid residues implicated in starch binding are well conserved in O. tauri SSIII starch-binding domains. In addition, adsorption assays showed that OsttaSSIII-A D2 and SSIII-B D2 domains are the two that make the greatest contribution to amylose and amylopectin binding, while OsttaSSIII-B D1 is also important for starch binding. Conclusions: The results presented here suggest that differences between OsttaSSIII-A and SSIII-B SBDs in the number of and binding of amino acid residues may produce differential affinities for each isoform to polysaccharides. Increasing the knowledge about SBDs may lead to their employment in biomedical and industrial applications.
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Thallium-201 is comparable to technetium-99m-sestamibi for estimating cardiac function in patients with abnormal myocardial perfusion imaging
Publication date: Available online 21 October 2015
Source:The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences
Author(s): Ming-Che Wu, Cheng-Ting Tsai, Hui-Chun Lin, Fang-Ju Sun, Ku-Hung Lin
We analyzed the left-ventricular functional data obtained by cardiac-gated single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with thallium-201 (Tl-201) and technetium-99m-sestamibi (MIBI) protocols in different groups of patients, and compared the data between Tl-201 and MIBI. Two hundred and seventy-two patients undergoing dipyridamole stress/redistribution Tl-201 MPI and 563 patients undergoing 1-day rest/dipyridamole stress MIBI MPI were included. Higher mean stress ejection fraction (EF), rest EF, and change in EF (ΔEF) were noticed in the normal MPI groups by both Tl-201 and MIBI protocols. Higher mean EF was observed in the females with normal MPI results despite their higher mean age. Comparisons between the Tl-201 and MIBI groups suggested a significant difference in all functional parameters, except for the rest end diastolic volume/end systolic volume and ΔEF between groups with negative MPI results. For the positive MPI groups, there was no significant difference in all parameters, except for the change in end diastolic volume and change in end systolic volume after stress between both protocols. The Tl-201 provides comparable left-ventricular functional data to MIBI cardiac-gated single-photon emission computed tomography in patients with positive MPI results, and may therefore be undertaken routinely for incremental functional information that is especially valuable to this patient group.
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Intravenous paracetamol for relief of pain during transrectal-ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Publication date: Available online 21 October 2015
Source:The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences
Author(s): Ozcan Kilic, Murat Akand, Haluk Kulaksizoglu, Ahmet H. Haliloglu, Seher Tanidik, Mehmet M. Piskin, Talat Yurdakul
Transrectal-ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-PBx) is the standard procedure for diagnosing prostate cancer. The procedure does cause some pain and discomfort; therefore, an adequate analgesia is necessary to ensure patient comfort, which can also facilitate good-quality results. This prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study aimed to determine if intravenous (IV) paracetamol can reduce the severity of pain associated with TRUS-PBx. The study included 104 patients, scheduled to undergo TRUS-PBx with a suspicion of prostate cancer, that were prospectively randomized to receive either IV paracetamol (paracetamol group) or placebo (placebo group) 30 minutes prior to TRUS-PBx. All patients had 12 standardized biopsy samples taken. Pain was measured using a 10-point visual analog pain scale during probe insertion, during the biopsy procedure, and 1 hour postbiopsy. All biopsies were performed by the same urologist, whereas a different urologist administered the visual analog pain scale. There were not any significant differences in age, prostate-specific antigen level, or prostate volume between the two groups. The pain scores were significantly lower during probe insertion, biopsy procedure, and 1 hour postbiopsy in the paracetamol group than in the placebo group. In conclusion, the IV administration of paracetamol significantly reduced the severity of pain associated with TRUS-PBx.
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Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers
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Spinal Cord Infarct During Concomitant Circulatory Support With Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump and Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.
Objective: To report a series of three patients who received simultaneous circulatory support with both veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and intra-aortic balloon pump and subsequently developed spinal cord infarction, and present a brief review of the relevant literature. Data Sources: Hospital medical records and MEDLINE and PubMed databases. Study Selection: Any patient who developed lower limb neurologic symptoms during a period of concurrent venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and intra-aortic balloon pump support, with subsequent MRI changes involving the spinal cord, from 2006 (the year of institution of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in our ICU) to 2014. Data Extraction: Patient records were retrospectively reviewed. Medical databases were searched for any literature linking intra-aortic balloon pump and/or venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with neurologic injury of the lower limbs. Data Synthesis: Three female patients presented in cardiogenic shock or arrest requiring circulatory support. Intra-aortic balloon pump was inserted, and peripheral veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was initiated with subsequent loss of native ejection in each case. Neurologic signs were noted clinically, and subsequent imaging demonstrated spinal cord infarction and small aortic size for all three patients. Conclusions: The timeline of events suggests a causal relation between intra-aortic balloon pump, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and significant neurologic deficits. This is likely due to hypoperfusion of the spinal cord, which is multifactorial in origin, including small aortic calibre, low cardiac output states, high vasopressor requirements causing vasospasm of the artery of Adamkiewicz, occlusion of retrograde oxygenated blood flow from peripheral veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation due to intra-aortic balloon pump being in situ, and possible thromboembolic phenomena. The thoracic spinal cord is intrinsically susceptible to ischemia due to the anatomy of the arterial supply, which is described here. We identify several risk factors and make several recommendations to avoid this rare but catastrophic complication in the future. We also suggest interventions should this challenging complication be identified. Copyright (C) by 2015 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Kidney and Liver Injuries After Major Burns in Rats Are Prevented by Resolvin D2.
Objectives: Innate immune dysfunction after major burn injuries increases the susceptibility to organ failure. Lipid mediators of inflammation resolution, e.g., resolvin D2, have been shown recently to restore neutrophil functionality and reduce mortality rate in a rat model of major burn injury. However, the physiological mechanisms responsible for the benefic activity of resolvin D2 are not well understood. Design: Prospective randomized animal investigation. Setting: Academic research setting. Subjects: Wistar male rats. Interventions: Animals were subjected to a full-thickness burn of 30% total body surface area. Two hours after burn, 25 ng/kg resolvin D2 was administered IV and repeated every day, for 8 days. At day 10 post burn, 2 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide was administered IV, and the presence of renal and hepatic injuries was evaluated at day 11 post burn by histology, immunohistochemistry, and relevant blood chemistry. Measurements and Main Results: In untreated animals, we found significant tissue damage in the kidneys and liver, consistent with acute tubular necrosis and multifocal necrosis, and changes in blood chemistry, reflecting the deterioration of renal and hepatic functions. We detected less tissue damage and significantly lower values of blood urea nitrogen (26.4 +/- 2.1 vs 36.0 +/- 9.3 mg/dL; p
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Incidence and Mortality of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Objectives: Our understanding of the acute respiratory distress syndrome in children is limited, and literature is dominated by investigations in adult patients. Recent preclinical studies suggest that the susceptibility to and severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome in children could differ from that in adults. We assessed the incidence and mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome reported in children in studies published in the last two decades. Data Sources: Medline, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched up to August 2014. Study Selection: Articles reporting study data on population- or PICU-based incidence and mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome in children (> 36 wk gestation and
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Trait Anxiety But Not State Anxiety During Critical Illness Was Associated With Anxiety and Depression Over 6 Months After ICU.
Objective: To determine the association between anxiety during critical illness and symptoms of anxiety and depression over 6 months after ICU discharge in survivors of intensive care -treatment. Design: Longitudinal study. Setting: One closed mixed ICU in an adult tertiary hospital in Brisbane, Australia. Patients: Participants (n = 141) were adults (>= 8 yr), admitted to ICU for at least 24 hours, able to communicate either verbally or nonverbally, understand English, and open their eyes spontaneously or in response to voice. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: The outcomes of symptoms of anxiety and depression over 6 months after ICU discharge were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. The primary variable of interest was anxiety during critical illness. Two components of anxiety (state and trait) were assessed during critical illness using the Faces Anxiety Scale and the trait component of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Perceived social support, cognitive functioning, and posttraumatic stress symptoms were also assessed using standardized instruments. Clinical and demographic data were obtained from patients and medical records. Participants were followed up in hospital wards and at 3 and 6 months after ICU discharge. During ICU treatment, 81 of the 141 participants (57%) reported moderate to severe levels of state anxiety. Of the 92 participants who completed the surveys at the 6-month follow-up, 26 participants (28%) reported symptoms of anxiety and 21 (23%) symptoms of depression. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were strongly correlated in this cohort of survivors. Trait anxiety was significantly associated with both anxiety and depression symptoms over time; however, state anxiety was not associated with either outcome. Participants who reported post-ICU memories of intra-ICU anxiety were significantly more anxious during recovery over 6 months. Cognitive functioning and posttraumatic stress symptoms were both significantly associated with anxiety and depression symptoms over time. Conclusion: Symptoms of anxiety and depression are a significant issue for general ICU survivors. Trait anxiety was significantly associated with adverse emotional outcomes over 6 months after ICU discharge. There was also a significant relationship between post-ICU memories of intra-ICU anxiety and anxiety during recovery. Interventions to reduce anxiety during critical illness need to be considered and evaluated for their longer term benefits for survivors of critical illness. Copyright (C) by 2015 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Endotoxemia Following Multiple Trauma: Risk Factors and Prognostic Implications.
Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and time course of systemic endotoxemia following severe multiple trauma, to define its risk factors, and to explore the correlation between post-trauma endotoxemia and organ dysfunction. Design: Prospective single-center cohort study. Setting: Emergency department and ICU of adult tertiary care level I trauma center. Patients: Forty-eight severely injured (Injury Severity Score >= 16) patients, admitted to ICU within 24 hours of injury. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Endotoxemia was not evident on initial presentation, but developed subsequently in 75% of patients, even in the absence of Gram-negative infection. Nonsurviving patients had higher endotoxin levels than survivors on day 1 (endotoxemia, 0.48 vs 0.28; p = 0.048). Shock at admission, or surgery within the first 48 hours after trauma, was associated with higher endotoxin levels and predicted subsequent maximal endotoxemia, after adjusting for other significant covariates. Maximal endotoxemia levels were higher in patients who developed organ dysfunction, reflected in a cumulative Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score greater than 25, and patients with an intermediate endotoxemia level (>= 0.4) had more cardiovascular dysfunction. Conclusions: It is the first study to detect increasing levels of endotoxemia following multiple trauma. Shock and early surgery predict the development of endotoxemia; endotoxemia is particularly associated with cardiovascular dysfunction. However, Gram-negative infections are uncommon in these patients, suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract is the dominant reservoir of endotoxin. Endotoxin may be an appropriate therapeutic target in patients who have sustained severe multiple trauma. Copyright (C) by 2015 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Failure of Noninvasive Ventilation for De Novo Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Role of Tidal Volume.
Objectives: A low or moderate expired tidal volume can be difficult to achieve during noninvasive ventilation for de novo acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (i.e., not due to exacerbation of chronic lung disease or cardiac failure). We assessed expired tidal volume and its association with noninvasive ventilation outcome. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Twenty-four bed university medical ICU. Patients: Consecutive patients receiving noninvasive ventilation for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure between August 2010 and February 2013. Interventions: Noninvasive ventilation was uniformly delivered using a simple algorithm targeting the expired tidal volume between 6 and 8 mL/kg of predicted body weight. Measurements: Expired tidal volume was averaged and respiratory and hemodynamic variables were systematically recorded at each noninvasive ventilation session. Main Results: Sixty-two patients were enrolled, including 47 meeting criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome, and 32 failed noninvasive ventilation (51%). Pneumonia (n = 51, 82%) was the main etiology of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. The median (interquartile range) expired tidal volume averaged over all noninvasive ventilation sessions (mean expired tidal volume) was 9.8 mL/kg predicted body weight (8.1-11.1 mL/kg predicted body weight). The mean expired tidal volume was significantly higher in patients who failed noninvasive ventilation as compared with those who succeeded (10.6 mL/kg predicted body weight [9.6-12.0] vs 8.5 mL/kg predicted body weight [7.6-10.2]; p = 0.001), and expired tidal volume was independently associated with noninvasive ventilation failure in multivariate analysis. This effect was mainly driven by patients with PaO2/FIO2 up to 200 mm Hg. In these patients, the expired tidal volume above 9.5 mL/kg predicted body weight predicted noninvasive ventilation failure with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 87%. Conclusions: A low expired tidal volume is almost impossible to achieve in the majority of patients receiving noninvasive ventilation for de novo acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, and a high expired tidal volume is independently associated with noninvasive ventilation failure. In patients with moderate-to-severe hypoxemia, the expired tidal volume above 9.5 mL/kg predicted body weight accurately predicts noninvasive ventilation failure. Copyright (C) by 2015 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Does Thrombolysis Have a Place in the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism? A Case of Successful Thrombolysis During Pulmonary Embolism Induced Cardiopulmonary Arrest.
Objective: Pulmonary embolism often causes cardiac arrest. When this occurs, thrombolytic therapy is not routinely administered. There are multiple reasons for this, including difficulty with rapidly adequately diagnosing the embolus, the lack of good data supporting the use of thrombolytics during resuscitation, the belief that thrombolytic therapy is ineffective once a patient has already arrested, the difficulty of obtaining thrombolytics at the bedside rapidly enough to administer during a code, and the increased risks of bleeding, particularly with ongoing chest compressions. In this case report, we present a patient who was successfully treated with thrombolytic therapy during pulmonary embolism-induced cardiopulmonary arrest and discuss the role of thrombolytics in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Design: Case report. Setting: Surgical ICU in a comprehensive cancer center. Patient: A 56-year-old man who developed hypotension, dyspnea, hypoxia, and pulseless electrical activity 10 days after resection of a benign colon lesion with a right hemicolectomy and primary end-to-end anastomosis. Interventions: After a rapid bedside echocardiogram suggesting pulmonary embolus, thrombolytic therapy was administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitative efforts. Measurements and Main Results: The patient had a return of spontaneous circulation and showed improvement in repeat echocardiographic imaging. He had a prolonged course in the ICU and hospital, but eventually made an essentially complete clinical recovery. Conclusion: As bedside echocardiographic technology becomes more rapidly and readily available, the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and use of thrombolytics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation may need to be more routinely considered a potential therapeutic adjunctive measure. Copyright (C) by 2015 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Excellence in Intensive Care Medicine.
Objective: Excellence is an important goal for all physicians. Unfortunately, it is hard to define, evaluate, and achieve. To provide a concise interpretive review of excellence in intensive care medicine, with a focus on those key characteristics that excellent physicians possess but are seldom discussed. Data Sources: Electronic search of the PubMed database using the search terms "excellence," "role models," "compassion," "commitment," "dedication," and "passion." Study Selection: Publications or studies of excellence, role models, compassion, commitment, dedication, and passion. Two reviewers evaluated each term. Data Extraction: Publications or studies were abstracted independently and in duplicate. Data Synthesis: Excellence in critical care can be achieved through deliberate practice, feedback, and effective evaluation. Excellence embodies numerous characteristics, which include compassion, commitment, and passion. Conclusions: Awareness of the fundamental characteristics of excellence can help young students and doctors determine what they should strive for to become excellent physicians as well as encourage experienced doctors to rekindle the spark that initially motivated them to become physicians. Copyright (C) by 2015 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Interleukin-1 Receptor Blockade Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in Sepsis Patients With Features of Macrophage Activation Syndrome: Reanalysis of a Prior Phase III Trial.
Objective: To determine the efficacy of anakinra (recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) in improving 28-day survival in sepsis patients with features of macrophage activation syndrome. Despite equivocal results in sepsis trials, anakinra is effective in treating macrophage activation syndrome, a similar entity with fever, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hepatobiliary dysfunction, cytopenias, and hyperferritinemia. Hence, sepsis patients with macrophage activation syndrome features may benefit from interleukin-1 receptor blockade. Design: Reanalysis of deidentified data from the phase III randomized interleukin-1 receptor antagonist trial in severe sepsis. Setting: Multicenter study recruiting through 91 centers from 11 countries in Europe and North America. Patients: Sepsis patients with multiorgan dysfunction syndrome and/or shock (original study) were regrouped based on the presence or the absence of concurrent hepatobiliary dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation as features of macrophage activation syndrome. The non-hepatobiliary dysfunction/disseminated intravascular coagulation group included patients with only hepatobiliary dysfunction, only disseminated intravascular coagulation, or neither. Intervention: Treatment with anakinra or placebo. Measurements and Main Results: Main outcome was 28-day mortality. Descriptive and comparative statistics were performed. Data were available for 763 adults from the original study cohort, randomized to receive either anakinra or placebo. Concurrent hepatobiliary dysfunction/disseminated intravascular coagulation was noted in 43 patients (5.6% of total; 18-75 years old; 47% women). The 28-day survival was similar in both anakinra and placebo-treated non-hepatobiliary dysfunction/disseminated intravascular coagulation patients (71.4% vs 70.8%; p = 0.88). Treatment with anakinra was associated with significant improvement in the 28-day survival rate in hepatobiliary dysfunction/disseminated intravascular coagulation patients (65.4% anakinra vs 35.3% placebo), with hazard ratio for death 0.28 (0.11-0.71; p = 0.0071) for the treatment group in Cox regression. Conclusions: In this subgroup analysis, interleukin-1 receptor blockade was associated with significant improvement in survival of patients with sepsis and concurrent hepatobiliary dysfunction/disseminated intravascular coagulation. A prospective randomized trial using features of macrophage activation syndrome for mortality risk stratification should be undertaken to confirm the role of interleukin-1 blockage. Copyright (C) by 2015 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Recruitment Maneuvers and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Titration in Morbidly Obese ICU Patients.
Objective: The approach to applying positive end-expiratory pressure in morbidly obese patients is not well defined. These patients frequently require prolonged mechanical ventilation, increasing the risk for failed liberation from ventilatory support. We hypothesized that lung recruitment maneuvers and titration of positive end-expiratory pressure were both necessary to improve lung volumes and the elastic properties of the lungs, leading to improved gas exchange. Design: Prospective, crossover, nonrandomized interventional study. Setting: Medical and surgical ICUs at Massachusetts General Hospital. Patients: Critically ill, mechanically ventilated morbidly obese (body mass index > 35 kg/m2) patients (n = 14). Interventions: This study evaluated two methods of titrating positive end-expiratory pressure; both trials were done utilizing positive end-expiratory pressure titration and recruitment maneuvers while measuring hemodynamics and respiratory mechanics. Measurements were obtained at the baseline positive end-expiratory pressure set by the clinicians, at zero positive end-expiratory pressure, at best positive end-expiratory pressure identified through esophageal pressure measurement before and after a recruitment maneuver, and at best positive end-expiratory pressure identified through a best decremental positive end-expiratory pressure trial. Measurements and Main Results: The average body mass index was 50.7 +/- 16.0 kg/m2. The two methods of evaluating positive end-expiratory pressure identified similar optimal positive end-expiratory pressure levels (20.7 +/- 4.0 vs 21.3 +/- 3.8 cm H2O; p = 0.40). End-expiratory pressure titration increased end-expiratory lung volumes ([DELTA]11 +/- 7 mL/kg; p
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Shared Decision Making in ICUs: An American College of Critical Care Medicine and American Thoracic Society Policy Statement.
Objectives: Shared decision making is endorsed by critical care organizations; however, there remains confusion about what shared decision making is, when it should be used, and approaches to promote partnerships in treatment decisions. The purpose of this statement is to define shared decision making, recommend when shared decision making should be used, identify the range of ethically acceptable decision-making models, and present important communication skills. Design: The American College of Critical Care Medicine and American Thoracic Society Ethics Committees reviewed empirical research and normative analyses published in peer-reviewed journals to generate recommendations. Recommendations approved by consensus of the full Ethics Committees of American College of Critical Care Medicine and American Thoracic Society were included in the statement. Main Results: Six recommendations were endorsed: 1) Definition: Shared decision making is a collaborative process that allows patients, or their surrogates, and clinicians to make healthcare decisions together, taking into account the best scientific evidence available, as well as the patient's values, goals, and preferences. 2) Clinicians should engage in a shared decision making process to define overall goals of care (including decisions regarding limiting or withdrawing life-prolonging interventions) and when making major treatment decisions that may be affected by personal values, goals, and preferences. 3) Clinicians should use as their "default" approach a shared decision making process that includes three main elements: information exchange, deliberation, and making a treatment decision. 4) A wide range of decision-making approaches are ethically supportable, including patient- or surrogate-directed and clinician-directed models. Clinicians should tailor the decision-making process based on the preferences of the patient or surrogate. 5) Clinicians should be trained in communication skills. 6) Research is needed to evaluate decision-making strategies. Conclusions: Patient and surrogate preferences for decision-making roles regarding value-laden choices range from preferring to exercise significant authority to ceding such authority to providers. Clinicians should adapt the decision-making model to the needs and preferences of the patient or surrogate. Copyright (C) by 2015 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Long-Term Outcome Following Tracheostomy in Critical Care: A Systematic Review.
Objectives: The prevalence and impact of longer-term outcomes following percutaneous tracheostomy, particularly tracheal stenosis, are unclear. Previous meta-analyses addressing this problem have been confounded by the low prevalence of tracheal stenosis and a limited number of studies. Design: Embase, PubMed-Medline, and the Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials were searched to identify all prospective studies of tracheostomy insertion in the critically ill. To reflect contemporary practice, the search was limited to studies published from 2000 onward. We scrutinized the bibliographies of returned studies for additional articles. Meta-analyses were undertaken to estimate the pooled risk difference of tracheal stenosis, bleeding, and wound infection comparing different techniques. Measurements and Main Results: We identified a total of 463 studies, 29 (5,473 patients) of which met the inclusion criteria. Nine were randomized controlled trials, six were nonrandomized comparative studies, and 14 were single-arm cohort studies. Risk of wound infection was greater for the surgical tracheostomy than for the Ciaglia multiple dilator technique, pooled risk difference 0.12 (95% CI, 0.02-0.23). We did not identify significant risk differences in other meta-analyses. Pooling across all studies according to the random-effects proportion meta-analysis suggests a higher prevalence of tracheal stenosis, wound infection, and major bleeding for surgical tracheostomies. Conclusions: Considering comparative data, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of tracheal stenosis or major bleeding between percutaneous and surgical tracheostomy. In relation to wound infection, we have found a reduction associated with the original Ciaglia technique when compared with that with the surgical tracheostomy. Considering all published data reporting long-term outcomes pooled proportion meta-analysis indicates a trend toward a higher rate of tracheal stenosis and an increased risk of major bleeding and wound infection for surgical tracheostomies. This finding may be biased as a result of targeted patient selection, and further, high-quality long-term comparative data are needed to confirm these findings. Copyright (C) by 2015 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The q-G method : A q-version of the Steepest Descent method for global optimization
In this work, the q-Gradient (q-G) method, a q-version of the Steepest Descent method, is presented. The main idea behind the q-G method is the use of the negative of the q-gradient vector of the objective function as the search direction. The q-gradient vector, or simply the q-gradient, is a generalization of the classical gradient vector based on the concept of Jackson's derivative from the q-calculus. Its use provides the algorithm an effective mechanism for escaping from local minima. The q-G method reduces to the Steepest Descent method when the parameter q tends to 1. The algorithm has three free parameters and it is implemented so that the search process gradually shifts from global exploration in the beginning to local exploitation in the end. We evaluated the q-G method on 34 test functions, and compared its performance with 34 optimization algorithms, including derivative-free algorithms and the Steepest Descent method. Our results show that the q-G method is competitive and has a great potential for solving multimodal optimization problems.Mathematics Subject Classification: 90C26.
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Characterization of Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Separations in Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations
Analytical Chemistry
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02481
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Silver Coating for High-Mass-Accuracy Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Fingerprints on Nanostructured Silicon
Analytical Chemistry
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02567
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Ultrasensitive Detection of Dual Cancer Biomarkers with Integrated CMOS-Compatible Nanowire Arrays
Analytical Chemistry
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01729
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Αλέξανδρος Γ. Σφακιανάκης Medicine by Alexandros G. Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos 72100 Crete Greece,00302841026182,0030693260717...
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Alimentary Pharmacology &Therapeutics, EarlyView. https://ift.tt/2qECBIJ
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heory of COVID-19 pathogenesis Publication date: November 2020Source: Medical Hypotheses, Volume 144Author(s): Yuichiro J. Suzuki ScienceD...
