The intestinal microbiota, a conglomerate of microorganisms comprising bacteria, viruses, archaea and fungi, has been recognised as an important component of host physiology through, for example, its influence on nutritional biotransformation, immune response and xenobiotic metabolism.1 These functions are performed via a complexed and multilayer set of controls coming from within the microbial community as well as host factors. Consequently, this intricate microbiota–host partnership is viewed as an essential element of health. For example, intestinal bacterial, fungal and viral composition is different in patients with IBDs and colorectal cancer compared with healthy subjects.2–4 A number of investigative lines probing the impact of microbiota in disease initiation, progression and therapeutics are currently underway. The microbial therapeutic field is particularly dynamic, in part due to the impressive success of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.5 Whether FMT...
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