Effects of deep brain stimulation on the primary motor cortex: Insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation studies

Movement disorders are characterized by hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movements. Abnormal neuronal activities in the cortex and other regions related to disturbances in the basal ganglia nuclei is a major cause of many movement disorders (Lang and Lozano, 1998a; Lozano and Lipsman, 2013). Modulation of disordered circuits within basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical pathways is a critical therapeutic strategy in various movement disorders. Although a pharmacological approach to correct disordered circuits is useful, potential exposure of all neurons in the brain to a drug may make the therapy less attractive in some patient populations (Lang and Lozano, 1998b).

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