Temporal relationship between arousals and Cheyne-Stokes respiration with central sleep apnea in heart failure patients

Cheyne-Stokes respiration with central sleep apnea (CSR-CSA) is a common disorder in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (Oldenburg et al. 2016), and is typically associated with a high number of arousals from sleep (Hanly et al., 1989; Sin et al., 1999; Vazir et al., 2007). Both phenomena occur predominantly during stage 1 (N1) and 2 (N2) non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (Hanly et al., 1989).

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