Staphylococcus aureus , phagocyte NADPH oxidase and chronic granulomatous disease

<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>Dysfunction of phagocytes is a relevant risk factor for staphylococcal infection. The most common hereditary phagocyte dysfunction is chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), characterized by impaired generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to loss of function mutations within the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2. Phagocytes ROS generation is fundamental to eliminate pathogens and to regulate the inflammatory response to infection. CGD is characterized by recurrent and severe bacterial and fungal infections, with <span style="font-style:italic;">Staphylococcus aureus</span> as the most frequent pathogen, and skin and lung abscesses as the most common clinical entities. <span style="font-style:italic;">Staphylococcus aureus</span> infection may occur in virtually any human host, presumably because of the many virulence factors of the bacterium. However, in the presence of functional NOX2, staphylococcal infections remain rare and are mainly linked to breaches of the skin barrier. In contrast, in patients with CGD, <span style="font-style:italic;">S. aureus</span> readily survives and frequently causes clinically apparent disease. Astonishingly, little is known why <span style="font-style:italic;">S. aureus</span>, which possesses a wide range of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. catalase, SOD), is particularly sensitive to control through NOX2. In this review, we will evaluate the discovery of CGD and our present knowledge of the role of NOX2 in <span style="font-style:italic;">S. aureus</span> infection.</span>

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