A Spotlight on Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring of the Lower Brainstem

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) has made tremendous steps forward in providing reliable techniques to assist surgeons, and neurosurgeons in particular, during challenging surgical procedures, where neural structures are at risk of injury. Over the past two decades a number of valuable IONM techniques have been introduced, with continuous monitoring of muscle motor evoked potentials (mMEPs) under general anesthesia (Taniguchi et al. 1993) being likely the one with a major impact in clinical practice.

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