Real-time endoscopic Raman spectroscopy for in vivo early lung cancer detection

Currently the most sensitive method for localizing lung cancers in central airways is autofluorescence bronchoscopy (AFB) in combination with white light bronchoscopy (WLB). The diagnostic accuracy of WLB + AFB for high grade dysplasia (HGD) and carcinoma in situ is variable depending on physician's experience. When WLB + AFB are operated at high diagnostic sensitivity, the associated diagnostic specificity is low. Raman spectroscopy probes molecular vibrations and gives highly specific, fingerprint-like spectral features and has high accuracy for tissue pathology classification. In this study we present the use of a real-time endoscopy Raman spectroscopy system to improve the specificity. A spectrum is acquired within 1 second and clinical data are obtained from 280 tissue sites (72 HGDs/malignant lesions, 208 benign lesions/normal sites) in 80 patients. Using multivariate analyses and waveband selection methods on the Raman spectra, we have demonstrated that HGD and malignant lung lesions can be detected with high sensitivity (90%) and good specificity (65%).

A custom-made endoscopic Raman spectroscopy system has been used to study the Raman spectroscopy properties of lung tissues in vivo in central airways of 80 patients. Multivariate statistical analysis of the acquired spectral data covering various pathologies including normal, inflammation, hyperplasia, metaplasia, mild/moderate/severe dysplasia, carcinoma-in-situ, and invasive cancer suggests that lung cancers and precancerous lesions can be differentiated from benign lesions and normal tissues with high sensitivity (90%) and good specificity (65%).

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