Allostasis and the Clinical Manifestations of Mild to Moderate Chronic Hyponatremia: No Good Adaptation Goes Unpunished

When homeostatic regulatory systems are unable to maintain a normal serum sodium concentration, the organism must adapt to demands of a disordered internal environment, a process known as "allostasis." Human cells respond to osmotic stress created by an abnormal serum sodium level with the same adaptations used by invertebrate organisms that do not regulate body fluid osmolality. To avoid intolerable changes in their volume, cells export organic osmolytes when exposed to a low serum sodium concentration and accumulate these intracellular solutes when serum sodium concentration increases.

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