The Microbiome in Cirrhosis and its Complications

The microbiome in cirrhosis is affected by multiple processes occurring at the level of the gut and systemically. This dysbiosis, or unfavorable microbiota profile, is present at several body sites and is associated with higher systemic inflammation, bacterial infections and poor outcomes. This increased morbidity in cirrhosis stems from an immune paralysis state that is partly related to the constant stimulation of the immune system by this dysbiosis. Dysbiosis as a dynamic event worsens with decompensation such as with hepatic encephalopathy, infections or acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).

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