Synthetic cyclic peptomers as type III secretion system inhibitors [PublishAheadOfPrint]

Antibiotic resistant bacteria are an emerging threat to global public health. New classes of antibiotics and tools for antimicrobial discovery are urgently needed. The type III secretion system (T3SS), which is required by dozens of Gram-negative bacteria for virulence but largely absent from non-pathogenic bacteria, is a promising virulence blocker target. The ability of mammalian cells to recognize the presence of a functional T3SS and trigger NFB activation provides a rapid and sensitive method to identify chemical inhibitors of T3SS activity. In this study, we generated a HEK293 stable cell line expressing Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) driven by a promoter containing NFB enhancer elements to serve as a readout of T3SS function. We have identified a family of synthetic cyclic peptide-peptoid hybrid molecules (peptomers) that exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of T3SS effector secretion in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa without affecting bacterial growth or motility. Among these inhibitors, EpD-3' N, EpD-1,2N, EpD-1,3' N, EpD-1,2,3' N, and EpD-1,2,4' N exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on translocation of the Yersinia YopM effector protein into mammalian cells (>40% translocation inhibition at 7.5 μM) and showed no toxicity to mammalian cells at 240 μM. In addition, EpD-3' N and EpD-1,2,4' N reduced rounding of HeLa cells caused by the activity of effector proteins from Yersinia that target the actin cytoskeleton. In summary, we have discovered a family of novel cyclic peptomers that inhibit the injectisome T3SS but not the flagellar T3SS.

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