The role of complement inhibition in kidney transplantation

Abstract

Introduction and background

The complement system which belongs to the innate immune system acts both as a first line of defence against various pathogens and as a guardian of host homeostasis. The role of complement has been recently highlighted in several aspects of kidney transplantation: ischaemia-reperfusion, antibody-mediated rejection and native kidney disease recurrence.

Sources of data

Experimental data, availability of complement-blocking molecules (mainly the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody, eculizumab) and several trials in human kidney transplant recipients has led to some areas of agreement and some disappointment.

Areas of agreement and controversies

So far, eculizumab has shown great efficacy in treatment and prevention of atypical haemolytic and uraemic syndrome, some efficacy in the prevention of antibody-mediated and so far no efficacy in the prevention of delayed graft function.

Growing points

Among the numerous potentially available drugs potentially interfering with complement, recent focus has been made on C1 blockers in the setting of antibody-mediated rejection with promising results.

Areas timely for developing research

Complement is now recognized as a major player in transplant immunology, several targets are going to be tested to define precisely which ones may be potentially useful in clinical practice.

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