Abstract
Low-cost, environment-friendly aqueous Zn batteries have great potential for large-scale energy storage, but the intercalation of zinc ions in the cathode materials is challenging and complex. Herein, the critical role of structural H2O on Zn2+ intercalation into bilayer V2O5·nH2O is demonstrated. The results suggest that the H2O-solvated Zn2+ possesses largely reduced effective charge and thus reduced electrostatic interactions with the V2O5 framework, effectively promoting its diffusion. Benefited from the "lubricating" effect, the aqueous Zn battery shows a specific energy of ≈144 Wh kg−1 at 0.3 A g−1. Meanwhile, it can maintain an energy density of 90 Wh kg−1 at a high power density of 6.4 kW kg−1 (based on the cathode and 200% Zn anode), making it a promising candidate for high-performance, low-cost, safe, and environment-friendly energy-storage devices.
The co-intercalation of H2O and Zn2+ as well as the "lubricating effect" of water in V2O5·nH2O is demonstrated, which enhances the rate capability and energy density of zinc batteries. A combination of an ultrahigh power density of 6.4 kW kg−1 and a high energy density of 144 Wh kg−1 is achieved in aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries.
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