Globularity-Selected Large Molecules for a New Generation of Multication Perovskites

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) use perovskites with an APbX₃ structure, where A is a monovalent cation and X is a halide such as Cl, Br, and/or I. Currently, the cations for high-efficiency PSCs are Rb, Cs, methylammonium (MA), and/or formamidinium (FA). Molecules larger than FA, such as ethylammonium (EA), guanidinium (GA), and imidazolium (IA), are usually incompatible with photoactive "black"-phase perovskites. Here, novel molecular descriptors for larger molecular cations are introduced using a "globularity factor", i.e., the discrepancy of the molecular shape and an ideal sphere. These cationic radii differ significantly from previous reports, showing that especially ethylammonium (EA) is only slightly larger than FA. This makes EA a suitable candidate for multication 3D perovskites that have potential for unexpected and beneficial properties (suppressing halide segregation, stability). This approach is tested experimentally showing that surprisingly large quantities of EA get incorporated, in contrast to most previous reports where only small quantities of larger molecular cations can be tolerated as "additives". MA/EA perovskites are characterized experimentally with a band gap ranging from 1.59 to 2.78 eV, demonstrating some of the most blue-shifted PSCs reported to date. Furthermore, one of the compositions, MA_0.5EA_0.5PbBr₃, shows an open circuit voltage of 1.58 V, which is the highest to date with a conventional PSC architecture.

Tolerance factors based on novel molecular descriptors are introduced and subsequently implemented experimentally in multication methylammonium/ethylammonium (EA) perovskites solar cells. It is shown that surprisingly large quantities of EA can be incorporated into a perovskite structure, which results in one of the highest reported open circuit voltages for perovskite solar cells.

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