Cortical involvement in myopathies: insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation

There is increasing evidence that a significant brain dysfunction occurs in patients affected by several myopathies. For instance, some patients with muscle diseases, such as dystrophinopathies, exhibit intellectual disabilities and mental retardation (Emery, 1987; North et al., 1996; Mehler, 2000), while in subjects with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) epilepsy is one of the most frequent manifestations of cerebral involvement (Saito et al., 2007; Grosso et al., 2011).

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