Functional and structural properties of ion channels at the nerve terminal depends on compact myelin

Abstract

Axon myelination increases the conduction velocity and precision of action potential propagation. Although the negative effects of demyelination are generally attributed to conduction failure, accumulating evidence suggests that myelination also regulates the structural properties and molecular composition of the axonal membrane. Here, we investigated how myelination affects ion channel expression and function, particularly at the last axon heminode before the nerve terminal, which regulates presynaptic excitability of the nerve terminal. We compared the structure and physiology of normal axons and those of the LES rat, which lacks compact myelin. The normal segregation of Na⁺ channel expression and dynamics at the heminode and terminal was lost in the LES rat. Specifically, Na_V-α subunits were dispersed and Na_Vβ4 subunit was absent, whereas the density of K⁺ channels was increased at the heminode. Correspondingly, resurgent and persistent Na⁺ currents were reduced and K⁺ current was increased. Together these data suggest a specific role for compact myelin in orchestration of ion channel expression and function at the axon heminode and regulating excitability of the nerve terminal.

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