Potential reference measurement procedures for PBDE in surface water at levels required by the EU Water Frame Directive

Publication date: 15 May 2016
Source:Talanta, Volume 152
Author(s): Claudia Swart, Fanny Gantois, Panayot Petrov, John Entwisle, Heidi Goenaga-Infante, Marjaana Nousiainen, Mine Bílsel, Burcu Binici, Adriana Gonzalez-Gago, Daniel Pröfrock, Ahmet C. Gören
Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE), used as flame retardants, are named as priority substances in the Directive 2000/60/EC of the European parliament and of the council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. An annual average environmental quality standard (EQS) for inland surface waters of 0.0005µg/L (0.0002µg/L for other surface waters) for PBDE congeners involved in the technical penta-PBDE mixtures containing PBDE with five bromine atoms has been established. The directives focus especially on the congeners PBDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153 and 154 contained in the penta-PBDE mixture. Up to now, no reference measurement procedures have been established reaching the limits of quantification (LOQs) and the associated uncertainties as defined in the directives with results traceable to the SI. Within a recent European project on metrology, different approaches for the traceable quantification of PBDE, based on liquid/liquid or solid phase extraction followed by the detection with gas chromatography coupled to either inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, were investigated and the related LOQs and expanded uncertainties of the results were compared. A complete uncertainty budget for each method was estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). All presented analytical procedures can serve as reference measurement procedures regarding the LOQs and their associated expanded uncertainties for monitoring the six priority PBDEs named above. LOQs as low as 0.026ng/kg with an associated expanded uncertainty of 0.002ng/kg could be achieved

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